By: Prof. (Dr) Maqsooda Khan
Former Dean (Sciences), Cluster University Srinagar
This write up is aimed for all those who are interested in plants and man plant relationships in Kashmir. It should particularly be of interest to the students of botany and related subjects.
In our book “Palaeoethnobotany: Plants and Ancient Man in Kashmir“, published in 1993, we had provided an Appendix giving a check list of plant species commonly used as food plants, vegetables,pulses, spices and condiments, narcotics and beverages, oilseeds, fruits, fibres and medicinal plants so as to give the reader a general idea about the prevailing ethnobotany of the valley. Botanical names were followed by local Kashmiri names in parenthesis. However, it has been felt that the check list would become more useful with the inclusion of English and Urdu names of the plants. Further, the book being of technical nature, is not readily available to a common reader.
Accordingly an updated check list is presented here, that I hope readers of Ziraat Times would find useful.
The sequence followed in the check list is Botanical Name/English Name/ Urdu Name/Kashmiri Name.
A. FOOD PLANTS
a) Major Food Plants
1.Oryza sativa /Rice / Chawal / Tomul
2. Triticum aestivum/ Wheat /Gandum /Kanekh
3. Zea mays /Maize ,Corn /Makki /Makaey
4. Hordeum vulgare /Barley /Jau /Vishka
5. Avena sativa / Oats/Oats/ Oats
b) Minor Food Plants
1. Panicum miliaceum /Proso or Broomcorn millet/ Barri or Chena/ Pinga
2. Setaria italica /Foxtail millet /Kangni /Shola
3. Fagopyrum esculentum/ Buckwheat /Kuttu/ Tromba
4. Saccharum officinarum /Sugarcane/ Ganna/ Ganna ,Khand
5. Amaranthus gangeticus /Red amaranth /Lal Saag/ Ganhar
6. Nymphaea candida /Water lily / Kanwal, Neelofar /Ken Buchh
7. Carduus nutans/ Musk thistle ? / Ount Kattara/ Chari Tomul
8. Metroxylon sago/ Sago palm /Sagodana / Sabudan
B. PULSES
1. Phaseolus aureus (now Vigna radiata) /Green gram /Moong /Mong
2. P. mungo (now Vigna mungo) /Black gram/ Mash/ Mah
4. P. aconitifolius/ Moth bean /Moth / Muth
5. P. vulgaris/ Kidney bean ,Common bean/ Rajmah ,Rajmash / Razmah
6. Lens culinaris /Lentil /Masoor /Masur
7. Pisum sativum/ Pea /Matar , Kara/ Matar
8. Vicia faba /Broad bean/Bakla/ Bhogla
9. Cicer arietinum/ Chickpea /Chana ,Chana / Chola
10. Glycine max /Soybean /Soya /Soya bean
11. Lathyrus sativus/ Grass pea /Matri , Rasmi Neuk Kar
C. VEGETABLES
1. Solanum tuberosum /Potato/ Aalu /Aalo
2. Solanum melongena /Brinjal , Eggplant/ Baingan /Wangun
3. Rumex nepalensis/ Himalayan dock /Jungli Palak / Abuj
4.Cucurbita pepo /Pumpkin , Squash Kaddu /Al
5. Cucurbita maxima /Winter squash /Kaddu/ Al
6. Brassica oleracea var. capitata /Cabbage/ Band Gobi /Bandh Gubi
7. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis /Cauliflower/ Phool Gobi / Phool Gubi
8. Brassica oleracea var. caulorapa/ Knol-khol , Kohlrabi /Ganth Gobi / Haakh
9. Podophyllum emodi/ Mayapple (root used)/ Ban Aloo / Ban Wangun
10. Hibiscus esculentus (Okra) /Lady’s finger/ Bhindi / Bhindi
11. Beta vulgaris /Beetroot /Chukandar/ Chogander
12. Rumex acetosa /Sorrel ,Tarook , Habsiyasabzi / Tsuk-Tsen
13. Centaurea iberica / Iberian knapweed /Barahmasi jadibuti / Krutsch
14. Allium cepa/ Onion /Pyaz /Ganda
15. Daucus carota /Carrot /Gajar /Gazer
16. Brassica rapa /Turnip /Shaljam /Gogej
17. Morchella esculenta/ Morel mushroom/ Guchi /Guchh, Kana Guchh
18. Taraxacum officinale /Dandelion greens/ Handh/ Handh
19.Rumex orientalis /Eastern dock / Khati bhuti / Jungli Abuj
20. Momordica charantia /Bitter gourd /Karela Karel
21. Amaranthus caudatus / Amaranth/ Lal Saag / Lisa
22. Trigonella foenumgracum/ Fenugreek greens /Methi /Meeth
23. Raphanus sativus / Radish /Mooli /Muj
24.Nelumbo nucifera / Lotus rhizome /Kamal Kakdi, Nadru /Nadur
25. Phytolacca acinosa / Indian pokeweed/ Jungli Saag/ Nunar
26. Portulaca oleracea / Purslane / Kulfa/ Nunar
27. Spinacia oleracea / Spinach / Palak / Palakh
28.Lycopersicum esculentum (now Solanum lycopersicum) /Tomato /Tamatar / Ruwangun
29. Malva rotundifolia /Mallow /Sonchal/ Sotchal
30. Luffa acutangula / Ridge gourd /Tori /Turai
31. Polygonum persicaria/ Knotweed ?/Bikh anjabar / Tsokaladder
32. Chenopodium foliosum/ Leafy goosefoot/ Bathua/ Wan Palak
33. Chenopodium sp/. Goosefoot greens/ Bathua/ Wasta Haakh
34. Dipsacus intermis /Teasel ?/ Khaar shutr/ Wapal Haakh
35. Brassica campestris/ Field mustard / Sarson / Til Gogal Haakh
36. Cucumis sativus/ Cucumber / Kheera / Laer
37. Psalliota campestris (now Agaricus campestris)/ Field mushroom / Khumb /i Hedur
D. SPICES AND CONDIMENTS
1. Brassica oleracea /Mustard greens (used as condiment) /Sarson /Aasur
2. Foeniculum vulgare /Fennel /Saunf /Badiyana
3. Coriandrum sativum /Coriander /Dhania /Dhan Wal
4. Piper nigrum /Black pepper /Kali Mirch/ Martch
5. Capsicum frutescens /Chilli / Mirch/ Martcha Wangun
6. Celosia cristata , C. argentea /Cockscomb /Gul Kalgi, Mawal / MaWal
7. Allium cepa var. vivipara/ Shallot /Gandana , Askalan /Pran
8. Allium sativum /Garlic /Lehsun /Rohan
9. Cuminum cyminum /Cumin /Zeera /Zyur
10. Ferula narthex /Asafoetida / Hing /Yanga
11. Amomum aromaticum /Aromatic cardamom /Badi Elaichi /Buda Ael
12. Cinnamomum zeylanicum /Cinnamon /Dalchini /Dalchin
13. Curcuma longa /Turmeric /Haldi. / Ledher
14. Elettaria cardamomum /Green cardamom /Chhoti Elaichi /Sabz Ael
15. Eugenia aromatica (Syzygium aromaticum)/ Clove /Laung /Roung
16. Zingiber officinale /Ginger /Adrak /Shonth
17. Tamarix indica /Tamarisk /Imli /Tamber
18. Crocus sativus /Saffron /Zafran /Kong
E. NARCOTICS AND BEVERAGES
1. Papaver somniferum/ Opium poppy /Afeem /Afeen
2. Cannabis sativa/ Hemp , Cannabis /Bhang /Bhang, Charas
3. Nicotiana tabacum /Tobacco /Tambaku /Tamouk
4. Camellia sinensis /Tea /Chai /Chaay
5. Coffea arabica /Coffee /Coffee /Kafi
6. Piper betle /Betel leaf /Paan /Paan
7. Areca catechu /Betel nut /Supari /Supaeri
F. OILSEEDS
1. Brassica campestris /Mustard seed /Sarson , Rai /Til Gogul
2. Linum usitatissimum/ Flaxseed /Alsi /Alish
3. Juglans regia /Walnut /Akhrot /Doon
4. Cocos nucifera /Coconut /Nariyal /Khopra ,Narjeel
5. Sesamum indicum /Sesame /Til /Tel
6. Helianthus annuus /Sunflower /Surajmukhi /Gul-e-Aftab
7. Ricinus communis /Castor plant /Arand /KashTur
8. Olea europaea /Olive /Zaitoon /Zytoon
G. FRUITS
1. Prunus cerasuifera /Sour cherry/ Khati cherry /Alich
2. Prunus domestica /Plum /Aloo Bukhara/ Aer
3. Prunus persica /Peach /Aadoo /Tsunun
4. Prunus amygdalus /Almond Badaam/ Badum
5. Prunus armeniaca /Apricot Khubani /Tser
6. Prunus avium /Sweet cherry/ Gilas /Gilas
7. Prunus bokhariensis /Plum/ Aalubukhara/ Aalu-Bukhar
8. Ficus carica/ Fig /Anjeer /Anjoor
9. Phyllanthus emblica /Indian gooseberry /Amla /Amla
10. Morus alba /White mulberry /Shahtoot /Bota Tul
11. Morus rubra/ Red mulberry /Lalshehtoot /Shah Tul
12. Rubus lasiocarpus/ Bramble berry /Jhaari Berry /Chaunch
13. Malus sylvestris /Apple /Seb /Tsunth
14. Vitis vinifera /Grape /Angoor /Dachh
15. Punica granatum/ Pomegranate /Anar /Daen
16. Juglans regia /Walnut / Akhrot /Doon
17. Pyrus communis /Pear /Nashpati /Tang
18. Pyrus pashia /Wild pear /Batangi /Taenj
19. Trapa bispinosa /Water chestnut /Singhara /Gor (Gaer Gul)
20. Citrullus vulgaris /Watermelon /Tarbooz /Hend Wend
21. Fragaria vesca /Strawberry /Strawberry /Ishtabur
22. Cucumis melo /Musk melon /Kharboza /Kharbuz
23. Nelumbium speciosum (Nelumbo nucifera)/ Lotus fruit /Kamal gatta /Pambach
24. Psidium guava /Guava /Amrood /Amrood
25. Ananas comosus / Pineapple /Ananas/ Pineapple
26. Anacardium occidentale /Cashew /Kaju /Kaju
27. Musa sapientum/ Banana /Kela /Kela
28. Phoenix dactylifera /Date palm /Khajoor /Khazer
29. Cocos nucifera /Coconut /Nariyal/ Khoopra
30. Citrus spp. /Orange , Lime /Malta , Mosambi , Leemu /Sangtar, Mausmi, Leum
31. Carica papaya /Papaya /Papita /Papeeta
32. Mangifera indica /Mango/ Aam /Amb
H. FIBRE AND MATTING
1. Gossypium hirsutum/ Cotton /Kapaas /Sether,Phumb
2. Cocos nucifera /Coconut fibre (coir) /Narial jhaag / Tath
3. Corchorus sp. /Jute /Patta /Suthal
4. Oryza sativa /Rice straw /Parali /Gasse (Patej)
5. Typha angustata /Cattail /Patera /Wagu
6. Ulmus wallichiana /Himalayan elm / Elem/ Bren Del
7. Cannabis sativa /Hemp fibre /Bhang ka resha/ Bhang-e-Del
I. RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES & RITUALS
1. Santalum album /Sandalwood /Chandan /Tsandun
2. Lawsonia inermis /Henna /Mehndi /Maenz
3. Aconitum heterophyllum /Monkshood/ Atis /Nar-Mada
4. Iris nepalensis /Iris /Iress /Mazar Mond
5. Peganum harmala /Wild rue /Ispand /Is-band
6. Jurinea longifolia /Dhupa plant /Dhup /Dhupa
7. Ferula narthex /Asafoetida /Hing /Yanga
8. Celtis australis /Nettle tree /Batkar /Bremij
9. Sesamum indicum /Sesame/Til /Tel
10. Juglans regia /Walnut /Akhrot /Doon
11. Saccharum officinarum /Sugarcane /Ganna /Nabad, Kand
12. Saussurea sacra /Sacred Saussurea /Jogi Padsha/Jogi Padsha
J. MEDICINAL PLANTS
1. Calendula arvensis /Field Marigold /Gul-e-Ain /Bat Posh
2. Rumex nepalensis /Himalayan Dock /Jungli Palak /Abuj
3. Ficus carica /Fig /Anjeer /Anjoor
4. Foeniculum vulgare /Fennel /Saunf /Badiyana
5. Cotula anthemoides /Stinking Mayweed /Baboona /Bobul ,Thul Bobul
6. Ocimum sanctum /Holy Basil /Tulsi /Brari Gass, Tulsi
7. Leonurus cardiaca /Motherwort /Guldawa /Brari Gass
8. Zizyphus jujuba /Jujube / Beri/ Brai
9. Salix caprea /Goat Willow /Bedmushk /Bred Mushk
10. Cydonia oblonga /Quince/ Bihi /Bum Tsunth
11. Viola odorata /Sweet Violet/ Banafsha /Bunafsha
12. Descurainia sophia /Flixweed /Khaksi /Chari Latshej
13. Sisymbrium loeselii /Loesel’s Hedge Mustard /Hej Sarson/ Dand-Haakh
14. Coriandrum sativum /Coriander Dhania /Dhanwal
15. Datura stramonium /Thorn Apple /Dhatura /Datur
16. Cassia fistula /Golden Shower Tree /Amaltas /Faloose
17. Nepeta cataria /Catmint /Billilotan /Gandha Soi
18. Adiantum capillus-veneris /Maidenhair Fern /Hansraj /GewaTheer
19. Plantago lanceolata /Ribwort Plantain/ Ispaghol / Gula
20. Plantago ovata /Psyllium /Ispaghol /Ismagool
21. Chrysanthemum morifolium /Chrysanthemum /Gul-e-Daudi /Gul-e-Dawood
22. Plumeria alba /West Indian Jasmine / Champa /Gul Cheen
23. Taraxacum officinale /Dandelion /Handh /Handh
24. Cichorium intybus /Chicory /Kasni /Handi Posh
25. Saussurea lappa /Costus /Kuth /Koth
26. Thymus serpyllum /Wild Thyme /Ban Ajwain /Javend
27. Macrotomia benthamii/ Macrotamia/Gaozaban/ Kah Zaban
28. Prunella vulgaris/ Self-Heal /Khokha Booti /Kal Yothh
29. Glycyrrhiza glabra /Liquorice /Mulethi / Shanger
30. Dioscorea deltoides /Yam /Shingli / Descoria
31. Berberis lycium /Indian Barberry /Kasmal /Kaw Dach
32. Cinnamomum camphora /Camphor Tree /Kafoor /Kafoor
33. Crocus sativus /Saffron /Zafran /Kong
34. Pteris vittata /Ladder Fern /Fern / Lossa Gass
35. Tribulus terrestris /Puncture Vine /Gokhru /Metcher Kond
36. Celosia spp. /Cockscomb / Lal Gul /Mawal
37. Gentiana kurroo /Himalayan Gentian /Nilkanth Booti /Nilkanth
38. Rubus spp. /Bramble /Ankur ,Rubus /Pamb Tsaalan
39. Mentha arvensis /Field Mint Podina/ Pudina
40. Allium sativum /Garlic /Lehsun /Ruhan
41. Althaea rosea /Hollyhock /Gul-e-Khaira /Saz Mool
42. Fumaria spp. / Fumitory/ Pitpapra Shahtra /Shah Tar
43. Artemisia absinthium /Wormwood /Afsanteen /Teth Wen
44. Marrubium sp. /Horehound /LehsanKoi /Troper
45. Sisymbrium brassiciforme /Hedge Mustard/ Hej Sarson / Tsari Latchij
46. Mentha spp. /Mint /Podina /Pudina , Wena
47. Digitalis purpurea /Foxglove /Digitalis /Digitalis
48. Cordia spp. /Glue Berry / Sapistan /Sepistan
49. Rosa spp. /Rose /Gulab /Golab
50. Lawsonia inermis/ Henna /Mehndi/ Maenz
51. Smilax china /China Root /Chobchini /Chob Cheen
K. SOFT WOOD SPECIES
1. Abies pindrow /Himalayan Fir /Budlu, Zarnab /Budul
2. Cedrus deodara /Deodar Cedar /Deodaar /Diwdaar
3. Cupressus sempervirens /Italian Cypress /Sarv /Sarwa kul
4. Biota orientalis (Platycladus) /Oriental Thuja, Biota /Morpankhi, Biota /Biota
5. Picea smithiana /Himalayan Spruce /Kachal /Kachul, Rayil
6. Pinus wallichiana /Blue Pine /Kail /Yaer , Kayur
7. Juniperus communis/ Common Juniper /Abhal. Juniper /Juniper, Yathur
8. Taxus baccata /Yew /Taxus Taxus
L. HARD WOOD SPECIES
1. Populus alba /White Poplar /Safaida /Fras
2. Populus nigra/ Black Poplar /Safaida /Fras
3. Populus euphratica /Euphrates Poplar /Safaida /Fras
4. Populus deltoides /Cottonwood /Safaida /Russi Fras
5. Populus ciliata /Himalayan Poplar / Sufaida /Fras
6. Salix wallichiana /Himalayan Willow /Baid /Veer
7. Salix alba /White Willow /Baid /Veer
8. Salix spp. /Willows /Baid Veer
9. Juglans regia /Walnut /Akhrot /Doon
10. Juglans nigra /Black Walnut/ Jangli Akhrot /Wount Doon
11. Betula utilis/ Himalayan Birch /Bhojpatra /Burza
12. Alnus nitida /Himalayan Alder /Alnus, /Alnus, Kanzul
13. Castanea sativa /Sweet Chestnut /Shah Bulut /Punjaeb Gour
14. Quercus robur /English Oak /Balloot /Oak
15. Q. semicarpifolia /Himalayan Oak /Balloot /Oak
16. Celtis australis /Nettle Tree /Batkhor /Bramij
17. Ulmus wallichiana /Himalayan Elm / Bren
18. Ficus spp. /Fig /Anjeer/ Anjoor
19. Morus alba / M. nigra /Mulberry /Toot /Tul kul
20. Viburnum aconitifolium/ Mapleleaf Viburnum /Viburnum /Kulmanch
21. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana /Himalayan Parrotia /Hatab /Hatab
22. Platanus orientalis /Oriental Plane /Chinar /Boune
23. Cydonia oblonga /Quince /Bihi /Bamtsonth
24. Robinia pseudoacacia /Black Locust /Kikar /Kikar
25. Acer caesium /Himalayan Maple /Mepal, Afra/ Wana Boune, Kanzul
26. Aesculus indica /Indian Horse Chestnut /Bankhor /Haandoon
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